libya in 2008, there were 40,000 -- coming from libya just to italy. there was an enormous spike in people trafficking and with the drugs and security challenges that the european union had to deal with. from a security policy perspective, these are the big issues. what i'm now going to try to do in the time i have this kind of take a bit of a step back and give you, talk a little bit about the history of the society and explained why these issues are going to be very intractable to solve and why they have never been cell. there has been cross-border trade and trafficking of people weapons in goods and services for far longer than there has been a libyan state and the gadhafi government in some ways is at a loss from the maritime borders and has little to actually do that. and lots of cross-border trafficking. i will take a step back. the south is, you need to think about a few major ethnic groups in the south, tribal and ethnic groups. in the south piece of the country you can see the crew for a district and it's all the way through the border. there